联合用药现场灭蟑效果研究

目的联合使用不同药物对饭店德国小蠊进行防治研究。方法采用超低容量喷雾剂和热烟雾剂等杀虫技术相结合，辅以毒饵的方法进行化学防治，并在灭前、灭后10、30、45、60、75、90d用蟑螂屋测定蟑螂密度。结果经联合用药处理后德国小蠊能迅速得到控制，密度下降率达94．2％～99．3％。结论联合用药加上与环境治理相结合的方法，能在短时间内提高饭店德国小蠊的杀灭率，并在较长时间内有效的控制蟑螂密度，灭蟑效果显著稳定：     

Recent advances in our understanding of mast cell activation – or should it be mast cell mediator disorders?

Introduction: An increasing number of patients present with multiple symptoms affecting many organs including the brain due to multiple mediators released by mast cells. These unique tissue immune cells are critical for allergic reactions triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE), but are also stimulated (not activated) by immune, drug, environmental, food, infectious, and stress triggers, leading to secretion of multiple mediators often without histamine and tryptase. The presentation, diagnosis, and management of the spectrum of mast cell disorders are very confusing. As a result, neuropsychiatric symptoms have been left out, and diagnostic criteria made stricter excluding most patients.

Areas covered: A literature search was performed on papers published between January 1990 and November 2018 using MEDLINE. Terms used were activation, antihistamines, atopy, autism, brain fog, heparin, KIT mutation, IgE, inflammation, IL-6, IL-31, IL-37, luteolin, mast cells, mastocytosis, mediators, mycotoxins, release, secretion, tetramethoxyluteolin, and tryptase.

Expert opinion: Conditions associated with elevated serum or urine levels of any mast cell mediator, in the absence of comorbidities that could explain elevated levels, should be considered ‘Mast Cell Mediator Disorders (MCMD).’ Emphasis should be placed on the identification of unique mast cell mediators, and development of drugs or supplements that inhibit their release.     

四联疗法治疗青少年近视105眼

目的 观察四联疗法治疗青少年近视的疗效.方法 将102例青少年近视患者分成治疗组55例,对照组47例,对治疗组患者用中医食疗、耳穴贴压、眼部贴敷、雾视矫治组成的四联疗法进行综合治疗,对照组患者除坚持学校统一执行的眼保健操及保持用眼卫生外,不得使用其他预防治疗近视措施.结果 治疗组总有效率79.05％,对照组总有效率5.56％,治疗组显著优于对照组（P ＜0.01）.结论 四联疗法对青少年近视有效.     

Increased Neutrophil Chemotactic Activity in Exercise- and "Fog"-Induced Asthma

To investigate whether exercise- and ultrasonic "fog"-induced asthma are due to the same mechanism, i.e. mediator release induced by osmotic changes, we measured the serum neutrophil chemotactic activity before and after exercise and inhalation of "fog" in 15 asthmatic subjects. To assess changes in airway caliber we measured specific airway conductance (SGaw); to assess changes in neutrophil chemotactic activity we measured the maximum distance reached by neutrophils in a filter when challenged with the subject's serum in a Boyden chamber. In 10 subjects, SGaw decreased by more than 35% and neutrophil chemotactic activity increased significantly (P less than 0.05) both after exercise and "fog", whereas in five subjects no change occurred either after exercise or "fog". We conclude that both exercise- and "fog"-induced asthma are associated with increased serum neutrophil chemotactic activity, and that both stimuli may cause asthma by osmotically triggering mediator release from mast cells.     

工作场所空气中矿物油烟雾浓度测定方法的研究

目的 研究工作场所空气中矿物油烟雾浓度的测定方法.方法 选择混合纤维滤膜、超细玻璃纤维滤膜、慢性定量滤纸、微孔滤膜4种滤料,用2种粉尘采样器在生产现场进行短时间高采气流量和长时间低采气流量采样,用电子分析天平称重,以滤料的采样效率和增量大小为主要指标.分析比较不同滤料对矿物油烟雾的采样吸附能力.结果 混合纤维滤膜在10～20 L/min的采气流量和采样10～15min(10L/min可采样20min),平均采样效率为95.61%,增量在0.87～2.60mg;超细玻璃纤维滤膜在10～20L/min采样流量下,采样10～20min,平均采样效率为97.57%,增量在0.75～2.47mg;在5～10L/min采样流量下,采样10～20 min,慢性定量滤纸和微孔滤膜平均采样效率分别为48.94%和63.15%,增量分别为0.75～2.15 mg和0.23～0.85 mg.在采气流量为3.5 L/min、采样时间为100～166 min时,超细玻璃纤维滤膜和混合纤维滤膜的平均采样效率分别为94.44%和93.45%,平均增量超细玻璃纤维滤膜为1.28 mg,混合纤维滤膜为0.78 mg;慢性定量滤纸和微孔滤膜平均采样效率分别为37.65%和88.21%,平均增量分别为4.30、1.23 mg.结论 利用混合纤维和超细玻璃纤维滤膜采样的滤膜称重法测定工作场所空气中矿物油烟雾浓度是一种准确可靠、简单可行的方法.     

Fog and rain in the Amazon

The diurnal and seasonal water cycles in the Amazon remain poorly simulated in general circulation models, exhibiting peak evapotranspiration in the wrong season and rain too early in the day. We show that those biases are not present in cloud-resolving simulations with parameterized large-scale circulation. The difference is attributed to the representation of the morning fog layer, and to more accurate characterization of convection and its coupling with large-scale circulation. The morning fog layer, present in the wet season but absent in the dry season, dramatically increases cloud albedo, which reduces evapotranspiration through its modulation of the surface energy budget. These results highlight the importance of the coupling between the energy and hydrological cycles and the key role of cloud albedo feedback for climates over tropical continents.Tropical forests, and the Amazon in particular, are the biggest terrestrial CO₂ sinks on the planet, accounting for about 30% of the total net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Hence, the climate of the Amazon is of particular importance for the fate of global CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere (1). Besides the difficulty of estimating carbon pools (1–3), our incapacity to correctly predict CO₂ fluxes in the continental tropics largely results from inaccurate simulation of the tropical climate (1, 2, 4, 5). More frequent and more intense droughts in particular are expected to affect the future health of the Amazon and its capacity to act as a major carbon sink (6–8). The land surface is not isolated, however, but interacts with the weather and climate through a series of land−atmosphere feedback loops, which couple the energy, carbon, and water cycles through stomata regulation and boundary layer mediation (9).Current General Circulation Models (GCMs) fail to correctly represent some of the key features of the Amazon climate. In particular, they (i) underestimate the precipitation in the region (10, 11), (ii) do not reproduce the seasonality of either precipitation (10, 11) or surface fluxes such as evapotranspiration (12), and (iii) produce errors in the diurnal cycle and intensity of precipitation, with a tendency to rain too little and too early in the day (13, 14). In the more humid Western part of the basin, surface incoming radiation, evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis all tend to peak in the dry season (15–17), whereas GCMs simulate peaks of those fluxes in the wet season (10, 11). Those issues might be related to the representation of convection (1, 2, 4, 5, 13, 14) and vegetation water stress (6–8, 15–17) in GCMs.We here show that we can represent the Amazonian climate using a strategy opposite to GCMs in which we resolve convection and parameterize the large-scale circulation (Methods). The simulations lack many of the biases observed in GCMs and more accurately capture the differences between the dry and wet season of the Amazon in surface heat fluxes and precipitation. Besides top-of-the-atmosphere insolation, the simulations require the monthly mean temperature profile as an input. We demonstrate that this profile, whose seasonal cycle itself is a product of the coupled ocean−land−atmosphere dynamics, mediates the seasonality of the Amazonian climate by modulating the vertical structure of the large-scale circulation in such a way that thermal energy is less effectively ventilated in the rainy season.     

Drift in ocean currents impacts intergenerational microbial exposure to temperature

Microbes are the foundation of marine ecosystems [Falkowski PG, Fenchel T, Delong EF (2008) Science 320(5879):1034–1039]. Until now, the analytical framework for understanding the implications of ocean warming on microbes has not considered thermal exposure during transport in dynamic seascapes, implying that our current view of change for these critical organisms may be inaccurate. Here we show that upper-ocean microbes experience along-trajectory temperature variability up to 10 °C greater than seasonal fluctuations estimated in a static frame, and that this variability depends strongly on location. These findings demonstrate that drift in ocean currents can increase the thermal exposure of microbes and suggests that microbial populations with broad thermal tolerance will survive transport to distant regions of the ocean and invade new habitats. Our findings also suggest that advection has the capacity to influence microbial community assemblies, such that regions with strong currents and large thermal fluctuations select for communities with greatest plasticity and evolvability, and communities with narrow thermal performance are found where ocean currents are weak or along-trajectory temperature variation is low. Given that fluctuating environments select for individual plasticity in microbial lineages, and that physiological plasticity of ancestors can predict the magnitude of evolutionary responses of subsequent generations to environmental change [Schaum CE, Collins S (2014) Proc Biol Soc 281(1793):20141486], our findings suggest that microbial populations in the sub-Antarctic (∼40°S), North Pacific, and North Atlantic will have the most capacity to adapt to contemporary ocean warming.Photosynthetic marine microbes, otherwise known as phytoplankton, underpin all of the production-based ocean ecosystem services, and impact on human health and well-being through their regulation of climate (1), formation of harmful algal blooms (2), and support of biodiversity at multiple dimensions and trophic levels (3). Heterotrophic microbes, including bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes, are also critical for ocean functioning, being the dominant remineralizers of organic matter and key players in the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles (1, 4). Depending on the CO₂ emissions scenario, the surface ocean is predicted to warm 2–4 °C on average by 2100 (5). Because microbes demonstrate a steep decline in growth at temperatures exceeding their optimum (6–10), such warming has the potential to affect the distribution and diversity of marine microbes through exceedance of thermal limits and changes in fitness, with cascading impacts to ecosystem services (11, 12).However, by virtue of their large population sizes, relatively rapid reproduction, and high diversity, microbes have considerable potential to mitigate negative consequences of past and present ocean change through phenotypic plasticity (acclimation) and adaptive evolution (genetic change). Until now, our understanding of how microbial communities will be reorganized under contemporary ocean change has developed from empirical studies involving examination of the current geographic distribution of microbial taxa and their relationships with temperature and other environmental parameters (8, 10, 13), laboratory investigations that measure performance of microbial ecotypes (thought to be representative of populations) under different conditions (6, 7, 9, 14), and modeling studies that use microbial traits describing resource (e.g., nutrients, light) utilization to estimate fitness and predict future distributions of microbes under projected ocean change (15–17). The limitation of these studies is that microbial traits are assumed to be constant during model runs, so the microbes themselves are not responding to changes in their environment (18). However, there is increasing evidence that photosynthetic microbes are altering their realized niches in response to contemporary changes in ocean temperature and irradiance (19), and that the geographic origin of microbial ecotypes influences their plasticity (capacity for physiological acclimation) (9, 20)—as well as adaptation (21)—at the population level (potentially via increased rate of mitotic mutations) (22), with some ecotypes tolerant of a broad range of temperature and others more thermally specialized (7). Microbes generally experience the ocean as a viscous medium (23), and their motion is therefore predominantly determined by drift with ocean currents (noting that some taxa are motile or regulate their buoyancy) (24). As a result, their habitat temperatures are highly dynamic and cannot be described assuming a fixed location. This means there currently is no clear global estimate of the thermal history of marine microbes, making it difficult to understand their realized thermal niche and relate this to their performance under controlled (typically stable) experimental conditions, let alone predict the impact of a 2–4 °C projected rise in mean ocean temperature.Thus, to advance our understanding of marine microbial acclimation and adaptation, and to determine which microbes can keep pace with rates of contemporary ocean change, a spatially explicit understanding of temperature exposure from the perspective of the moving organism is critical (25). This requires examining the temperature experienced by marine microbes in a Lagrangian (drift) framework.     

重组人表皮生长因子治疗鼻咽癌放射性口腔溃疡疗效观察

目的:探讨治疗鼻咽癌放射性口腔溃疡的有效方法。方法:将鼻咽癌放射性口腔溃疡病46例随机分为两组,每组23例,观察组选用重组人表皮生长因子喷雾剂进行治疗,对照组选用利多卡因稀释液含漱,观察疼痛、充血程度及病损最大直径的改变和愈合的时间。结果:同对照组相比较,观察组疼痛程度显著减轻,病损最大直径显著减小,具有统计学意义。观察组总有效率为91.3%,对照组总有效率52.1%。结论:采用重组人表皮生长因子喷雾剂治疗鼻咽癌放疗引起的口腔粘膜溃疡能迅速有效地缓解疼痛,促进溃疡愈合,明显改善患者放疗期间的生活质量,提高放疗效果。